History of French Cuisine from Conventional to Extraordinary Essay Example for Free

History of French Cuisine from Conventional to Extraordinary Essay Derived from the French language, bon appetit has been a familiar saying known around the world. Meaning good appetite or enjoy your meal, bon appetit exemplifies the French culture. The French have been known for centuries of elegant and exquisite cuisine especially gourmet desserts. Located in Western Europe between Italy and Spain, France has been a hotspot of enriched ancient culture. France flourished into a tourist location which ignited a change in Frances commercial kitchens. Chefs were obliged to create dishes that appealed to a growing audience. French cuisine has evolved extensively over the centuries. However, centuries of bliss and creativity was dampened with years of anguish and turmoil, when Germany occupied France during the Second World War. France’s once plentiful food supply quickly turned scarce. This forced cooks to utilize new substitutions for ingredients and start practical meal planning. The hardships the French cuisine faced during 1940-1944 simultaneously changed the French lifestyle. Modern French food now embodies simplicity yet class; rustic yet modern. Once having everything then being stripped away to nothing, France needed to rebuild a cuisine embracing the past, present, and future. Therefore beginning from World War II to modern day, French cuisine has experienced many changes whereby impacting French culture. An adversary of Germany, France sustained a significant setback when Germany took control. Prior to the German occupation, French food was known has haute or grande cuisine. Traditional haute cuisine is highly noted all around the world. The food is well known due to the immense amount of preparation and presentation that goes into each dish. Precision plays a crucial role in creating an exquisite haute meal (Franklin). However, haute cuisine ceased to exist under German occupation and subsequent food shortages. Lines were long in front of French shops as people hoped to purchase depleted foods and staple products. Burdened with these difficulties, the French government instituted food charts and tickets which were to be exchanged for French staples. Items such as butter, bread, and meat were being rationed. Traditional cuisine then became obsolete due to citizens skimping on spices and decorations. Although the government tried to provide food subsidies, hunger still existed affecting the youth in urban areas. With the absence of standard foods normally seen in their diet, the French people searched for new European dietary substitutes (Beaufort). They ate unusual vegetables, such as Swedish turnip and Jerusalem artichoke. Products such as sugar were replaced by alternatives such as saccharin. In lieu of coffee, toasted barley mixed with chicory became the beverage of choice (â€Å"French Classics†). Scams and trickery got the best of people who were desperate for a meal during this time. Some people utilized the black market. There people could sell food without government tickets. Resulting in the prices being extremely high. Counterfeit food tickets were also in circulation. Along with the black market there was also direct buying from farmers in the countryside. The above activities carried the risk of fines and punishments as they were strictly prohibited by the government. In remote country villages vegetable gardens, the availability of milk products, and illicit animal slaughtering provided better survival for the people verses those living in the large cities (Beaufort). Wine played a key role during World War II as well. Wine is commonly consumed during festive occasions it has been utilized during war as well. Over the years, wine has made an unusual appearance on the battlefield. Commanders have allowed their troops to consume wine on the front lines hoping for an increase in performance and moral. During World War II, the combination of wine and war played out in a heartfelt way. The French army did everything in their power to keep their wine and their national identity out of the hands of the invading German forces (â€Å"Saving†). Although, the German forces did invade France, the consumption of wine on the frontline gave hope to the French soldiers that traditional French culture was being preserved during and after the war. The liberation of France began on June 6th, 1944. The Allied forces put forth into to action their plan, D-Day which was the invasion of France. After World War II, tourism signaled a new beginning for French cuisine. Tourism introduced the demand for haute cuisine at a reasonable price. Japanese, Middle Easterners, British, Americans, and even French travelers were yearning for new food experiences. French chefs were now determined to start a new style of cooking, one that would keep some traditional recipes but implement new ones. New cuisine was a counteraction to the classic haute cuisine (Franklin). New cuisine or Nouvelle was the answer that chefs from all parts of the world were looking for. Nouvelle cuisine had several characteristics. For example it was important that high quality and fresh products were utilized for cooking. The chefs would travel to markets every morning and look for the freshest products. These new and improved cooks would not fathom the idea of using any product that was not absolutely fresh or needed preservatives. Chefs simplified menu cards deleting a long list of dishes. Smaller quantities and choices meant no leftovers guaranteeing freshness. Chefs were looking for quality and became more attracted by unfamiliar products. Foreign influences prevailed and chefs began to use exotic products from Asia, North Africa and Italy (â€Å"Nouvelle Cuisine†). In new cuisine recipes, fewer ingredients were used to enhance purity and light sauces substituted creamy, thick ones. Flexible preparation methods and more experimentation with non-traditional flavors allowed new cuisine to become popular (Franklin). Fortunately, this new cooking style is said to be less fattening. Chefs used limited meat in new recipes which stems from the shortage of meat during World War II. It is perfect for those seeking a healthier lifestyle. Additionally, the new cuisine was prepared with lighter ingredients such as herbs, quality butter, lemon juice, and vinegar. This flexible and less expensive cuisine mainstreamed into restaurants and other eateries (Beaufort). One byproduct of the new cuisine is the menu de degustation or tasting menu that was offered in many restaurants. Achieving notoriety, diners were eager to sample all of the dishes of the new cuisine. Each member in a group had the opportunity to order a different appetizer, main course, and dessert. Tasting menus gave the diners the convenience to experience many varieties. Another byproduct of new cuisine is the choice of a la carte. It is a menu in which the patron makes individual selections from various menu categories and each item is priced separately. Serving single portions was seen as a rare new talent to chefs (Olver). The French culture was launched and savored by people around the world. World War II impacted French living for the better by reevaluating French values and introducing new French cuisine ideas. French cuisine influenced other cultures as well and many countries adapted new French cooking methods. Throughout the centuries, France was noted for its grandiose and eccentric lifestyle. Rich foods and lavish feasts were an integral part of the France culture. Chefs prepared French cuisine with the finest ingredients. Wine was served and enjoyed at every meal. Food was plentiful for all. All of this changed rapidly with the German Invasion in 1940. A ravaged and war torn country left the French people forced to explore new and less expensive ways to provide meals solely for survival. Yet, despite the devastation and hardship the French citizens endured, they utilized these cost effective measures and the importation of ingredients into the development of the nouvelle cuisine. Tasting menus and ala carte menus, not to mention exquisite appetizers and desserts, created the ultimate dining experience enjoyed by patrons. Thus emerged the world renowned and delectable French cuisine that is so popular today.

Determination of Adulterants in Honey Using HPLC Method

Determination of Adulterants in Honey Using HPLC Method Determination of adulterants such as hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in honey using HPLC method 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials Standard of hydroxymethylfurfural was purchased from sigma Aldrich. All the samples and standards were diluted using distilled deionised water. Methanol, sodium hydroxide,diphenyl-1-pikryl, ascorbic acid, 2,2- hydrochloric acid and acetic acid were of analytical reagent grade and purchased from Techno PharmChem, Avonchem and Alpha Chemika Ltd. Most glassware used are stainless steel dish, porcelain crucible, beakers (5, 25, 100 and 250 mL), pipettes (1, 10 and 50 mL), burette (10 and 25 mL), measuring cylinders (10, 100, 250 and 500 mL) and volumetric flasks (10, 100, 200, 1000 mL) were of grade A. All the glasswares were rinsed with distilled deionised water to remove surface contaminants prior to use. Oven, Incubator and furnace used were of make Gallenkamp, Memmert and respectively The absorbance was recorded on a Perlong DNM-9602 Microplate Reader. 2.2 Description of honey sample 13 Honey samples of different brands (Wescobee, Elodie, EL BREZAL, Hosen, Tropic, Lune de miel, Mc Mahon’s, ALSHIFA, Casino, Sunny, Gitto’s, Rodrigues Honey, and Natural Honey) were bought from Intermart Hypermarket, Jumbo Hypermarket and Monoprix Hypermarket. Brief details of different honey analysed, highlighting the manufacturing and expiry date, lot no, country of origin, and ingredients (if specified) are given in table 5. Table 5: Description of honey samples Sample code Sample Brand/ Name Details SP1 (a) Wescobee 100% Pure Honey Manufacturing date: May 2014 Expiry date: May 2017 Lot no:4107A Origin: Australia Ingredient: Pure honey SP9 (b) Elodie Miel Fruità © Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: 28.08.15 Lot no: 4059ID Origin: France Ingredient: NA SP3 (c) EL BREZAL Eucalyptus Honey Manufacturing date: February 2014 Expiry date: February 2017 Lot no: 2247 Origin: Spain Ingredient: 100% pure natural honey SP8 (d) Hosen Pure Honey Manufacturing date: 25.10.13 Expiry date: 24.10.15 Lot no: NA Origin: China Ingredient: 100% honey SP6 (e) Tropic Lychee Honey Manufacturing date: September 2012 Expiry date: August 2014 Lot no: TP-002 Origin: India Ingredient: Pure honey SP10 (f) Lune de miel Miel de fleur Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: 01.05.16 Lot no:L28663A Origin: France Ingredient: 100% pure honey SP5 (g) Mc Mahon’s Pure Honey Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: March 2016 Lot no: B140813 Origin: Australia Ingredient: NA SP7 (h) ALSHIFA Natural Honey Manufacturing date: November 2013 Expiry date: October 2018 Lot no: NA Origin: Saudi Arabia Ingredient: 100% natural SP4 (i) Casino Miel de fleur Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: 10.03.16 Lot no: 206354 Origin: France Ingredient: NA SP12 (j) Sunny Pure Honey Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: 24.01.16 Lot no: NA Origin: Mauritius Ingredient: Honey SP11 (k) Gitto’s Special Honey Manufacturing date: 27.06.14 Expiry date: 26.06.15 Lot no: NA Origin: Mauritius Ingredient: Cane sugar syrup 85%, pure honey 15% SP2 (l) Rodrigues Honey Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: NA Lot no: NA Origin: Rodrigues Ingredient: NA SP13 (m) Natural Honey Manufacturing date: NA Expiry date: NA Lot no: NA Origin: Mauritius Ingredient: NA 2.3 Methods 2.3.1 Sample preparation prior to physicochemical analysis 2.3.1.1 Moisture Moisture was determined according to AOAC method (925.45D) (Appendix I). Stainless steel dish with 25g sand and a glass rod were dried in an oven for 1 hour, cooled in a desiccator then weighed. 1g of homogenised honey sample was added and mixed thoroughly with the sand by means of the rod. The latter was then heated on steam bath for 15 min and dried in an oven for 2 hours at 60 °C, removed, allowed to cool in desiccator and weighed to a constant mass. 2.3.1.2 Ash Ash was determined according to AOAC method (920.181) (Appendix II) such that 5g of homogenized honey samples were added to pre-weighed empty porcelain. The samples were then allowed to dry on a water bath and heated on a hot plate until carbonized. The resulting carbonized samples were place in furnace at 600 °C for 6 hours, removed, allowed to cool in desiccator and weighed. 2.3.1.3 pH pH was measured at 25 °C by preparing a 10% (w/v) solution (dry weight basis) in distilled deionised water by a Delta Ohm HD 8706 pH meter. 2.3.1.4 Total Acidity Free acids, lactones, total acidity and pH were measured using a Mettler Toledo MP 220 pH meter according to the AOAC method 962.19 (Appendix III) as follows: 10g of honey samples were weighed in a 250 mL beaker and dissolved in 75 mL of CO2 free distilled deionised water (obtained by cooling freshly boiled deionised water). The mixtures were stirred using magnetic stirrer and titrated against 0.05M sodium hydroxide at a rate of 5 mL/min until the pH reached 8.50. 10 mL of 0.05M sodium hydroxide was pipetted and back-titrated with 0.05M hydrochloric acid to pH 8.30. A blank titration was also performed using similar procedure. Acidity of honey samples were calculated as follows: 2.3.1.6 Electrical conductivity The electrical conductivity was determined based on a method derived from Apiservices from the ash content of the honey samples according to the equation: 2.3.2 Sample preparation for HMF determination prior to HPLC analysis Aliquots of honey samples were prepared by weighing 1g of honey and were diluted to 10 ml with distilled water, filtered on 0.45 mm filter and injected into an HPLC equipped with a UV detector. The HPLC column was an Agilent, C18, 5 µm, 125 x 4 mm. The HPLC conditions were the following: isocratic mobile phase, 1% of acetic acid and methanol in the ratio (80:20); flow rate, 0.25 ml/min; injection volume, 2  µl, temperature; 30 °C. All the solvents were of HPLC grade. The chromatograms were monitored at 285 nm. All the samples were analysed in triplicates and after every 6 samples, a standard check was analysed. HMF was identified by analysing the peak in honey with a standard HMF, and by comparison of the spectra of the HMF standard with that of one honey samples. The amount of HMF in the honey samples was determined using a calibration curve and by comparing the peak area of the standard and the resulting samples. All honey samples were stored at room temperature (25–30 °C) in a well closed container and the HMF content of each sample was analysed on a monthly basis throughout a period of four months. To determine HMF progress during heat treatment, honey samples were subjected to heat treatment by placing 1g honey sample in a glass container, and heat in a water bath at 40 ºC, 60  ºC, 80 ºC, and 100 ºC for 5 min. The time was calculated when temperature reached the required degree. The honey samples were then cooled rapidly to room temperature (25 °C) and proceed as above to determine the HMF content. 2.3.2.1 Calibration curve for HMF for HPLC analysis A 100 ppm stock solution of HMF standard was prepared by dissolving 0.0101 g of HMF standard in 100 mL of distilled deionised water in a 100 mL volumetric flask. From the 100 ppm stock solution, 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm and 50 ppm standard solution were prepared separately in 10 mL volumetric flasks. The different volumes of the stock solutions which were diluted to 10 mL are given in Table 4. The resulting standards were analysed on a HPLC UV detector at 285 nm and a calibration curve was plotted. Table 6: Volume of 100 ppm stock to prepare different concentration of HMF Concentration/ppm Volume of 100 ppm stock used/mL 10 1.00 20 2.00 30 3.00 40 4.00 50 5.00 A 10 ppm spike sample of HMF was prepared by pipetting 200  µL of 100 ppm stock solution of HMF standard and transferred to the 2 g sample of honey and diluted to 20 mL with distilled deionised water. 2.3.2.2 Limit of detection and quantification The limit of detection and quantification of HMF was calculated according to EPA method SW-846 (Appendix V). LOD is defined to be the minimum level at which the analyte can be detected reliably with signal-to noise 3:1. Different standards of HMF was analysed namely 0.1, 0.05 and 0.04ppm such that detection limit of HMF was thus then established by analysing a 0.05ppm HMF standard solution seven times and the standard deviation of the repeats for the analyse was multiplied by a factor 3.14 based on student t-statistics. The limit of quantification with signal-to noise ratio 10:1 was calculated by multiplying the obtained standard deviation by 10. 2.3.3 Anti-oxidative property using DPPH radical scavenging activity 4.5mg of DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) was dissolved in 100 mL methanol and wrapped in aluminium foil to prevent light from entering. For the assay, a 96 wells Elisa plate was used. 100 µL of test sample was placed in the first well using micropipette. 50 µL methanol was added to all other wells and serial dilution was done. 50 µL of sample from the first well was pipette and transferred to the second well previously containing 50 µL methanol and the solution was mixed to ensure homogeneity. The 50 µL of the resulting solution was pipette and transferred to the third well and so on. Each well now contained 100 µL of solution after the dilution. 100 µL DPPH (4.5mg/100ml) solution was then added to every well. The solutions were incubated for 30 minutes at 37 °C in an incubator and the absorbances of the resulting solutions were read at 492nm on a Perlong DNM-9602 Microplate Reader. The % scavenging activity of the samples was calculated as follows: Antioxidative property of the samples; firstly with no heating of the honeys and secondly with a heating temperature of 100 °C for five minutes were performed and proceed similarly to that of control ascorbic acid. Note: A yellowish change in colour indicates the presence of ascorbic acid activity. 1311

Influence of Media on Young Peoples Opinions

Influence of Media on Young Peoples Opinions The mass media has a great influence on people and especially on the younger generation. It plays an important role in shaping the opinions and positions of young people. Argue for or against this statement. Quynh Huong Ly As communication technologies and platforms continue to advance and evolve, the mass media is increasingly becoming a more influential factor in modern society. It is a powerful tool that has a strong impact on the population as a whole and in particularly on the younger generation. In modern society, the mass media has the ability to shape both the opinions and positions of the younger generation who are more curious and can more easily be influenced. This can not only create new cultures, but can also change lifestyles to some degree by shaping opinions and positions. This essay will discuss the three major influences that the mass media has on the younger generations and their effects in supporting the statement â€Å"The mass media has a great influence on people and especially on the younger generation. It plays an important role in shaping the opinions and positions of young people†. Firstly, advertisements are changing young peoples views on beauty concepts and stimulat e consumption. Secondly, the influences of social media platforms such as Facebook are shaping behaviour trends and lifestyles. Finally, music has shape emotions and a source of inspiration in creating new career ideas for the younger people. Nowadays, advertisements have great power to impact minds and create new habits amongst the younger generations. Large parts of their lives are connected with advertisements through various forms of media such as the radio, films and magazines. And according to Vitelli (2013) â€Å"Television, Commercials, and Your Child†, advertisers try to target young people by: concentrating on new products with special features, producing advertisements which are familiar with daily life so audiences do not realize they are watching commercials and making them lose the ability to distinguish between reality and the advertising that they are watching every day. More recently, with the development of more far reaching platforms of mass media, the thousands of messages about perfect the body images presented on posters and on television shows have re-shaped opinions on what is the ideal body shape for women. The powerful messages have made women obsessed with the new female body standards. T rying to fit into what is represented as attractive by the mass media, have caused stressed and have had a negative effect on some women, in particular the younger women who feel the need to comfort more. An example about the negative influences of advertisements on the young generations is building up their impossible expectations about attractive appearances by using luxury images of supermodels and celebrities, who they hope to look like (Wikipedia 2014). Therefore, teenagers tend to try keep their body thin through putting themselves on a diet, doing exercise or even getting cosmetic surgery while they are never satisfied with their bodies. In addition, it is suggested that using the dynamic beauty of young people for fast food advertising is also one of the causes of changing eating habits and rising obesity rates on the youth (Ashton 2004). In some cases, they are attracted by the advertisements when people with good shape, are eating fast foods and might think that it is heal thy foods or even eating them will help to keep their bodies as good as in the advertisement. The rates of obesity in children and youth have almost tripled in the last quarter century. Approximately 20% of youth are now overweight with obesity rates in preschool age children increasing at alarming speed (The impact of food advertising on childhood obesity 2014). Although the role of advertising in modern society is undeniable because it is used to both introduce new products to the public and is the shortest way to motivate consumption, it is generally believed that advertisements have consequences on peoples mind, especially on the younger generations because advertisements generally have always exaggerated the truth, also changed the opinions and positions of young people. In recent times, social networking sites have become more popular than ever, they also directly impact on behaviour of people, particularly on adolescents in what way as they decide how to connect each other and how to respect their relationships. Social networking sites have become a major revolution in society. There are a lot of advantages that can be associated with this, but an alarming tendency out of this, is that the young people seem to be more isolated in their own world and don’t learn how interact with society As a result, they gradually lose their communications skills and the intimacy of face-to-face interactions (Dakin 2014). ) In the past, face to face was the best way which people chose to communicate to each other. With the appearance of Facebook, peoples’ lives, minds and the behaviours of the youth have changed. Young people are highly addicted to Facebook as they spend a lot of time on the internet to update status, post on walls, and even whateve r they make. This leads to them ignoring spending time with families or hanging out with friends in order for them to sit in front of computer screen to validate their importance in society. The number of â€Å"Likes† they have, the more this validates their confidence (Sameer 2011). In addition, the development of social networking is one of the reasons why the young people are becoming the narcissist. According to Harrington (2013), in â€Å"Hey you, it’s all about me†, the teenagers are documenting everything they do in their lives and posting selfies on social networking to get more attentions from others, and falling in love themselves. Young girls are more likely to be dissatisfied with their shape and weight, even if they are very healthy and balanced from this (Sameer 2011). For example, with the support of Photoshop technologies, the photos on Facebook are probably more attractive than the real life. This creates pressures on teen girls try to keep thei r appearances as perfect as the pictures on the internet. The revolution of social networking sites impacts strongly on the younger generations through changing their views about communications in a virtual world. One product of the mass media that is a big influence on the youth is music, which deeply affects the lifestyles of teenagers, the controlling of emotions and building up personality on people. In modern society, there are many technologies such as iPhone, iPod which can effectively connect the youth to music where they go. It is believed that the young generations listen to music while they are eating, studying and sleeping. Therefore, music seems to play a special role in shaping their opinions and positions. The explosion of music videos on YouTube brings young people to a new fashion culture when they tend to copy images of their idols (Wixom 2013). For example, new fashion trends often approach the public through the superstars in their music videos. When the youth search and watch the videos on internet, they are easily attracted in styles of celebrities, so they try to dress or let their hair similarly to famous people and might think they look more attractively. Nowadays, the re are young teenagers develop their music career in that way they produce videos, update them on online websites to share with people. If the music products were successful, they could become famous people even after one day. Actually they have made career decisions based on factors of the mass media. Consequently, benefits of music are inspiring and creating a lot of opportunities for the youth to make their dreams come true (Wixom 2013). Furthermore, the lyrics on music songs strongly influence on minds, emotions and behaviours of teenagers. The information on the internet is generally uncensored and young people also are supported by many search tools. Therefore, they can easily be impacted their spirit by the unconformable lyrics which can create rebellious tendencies or the early sexual awareness of young people (Holden 2014). For example, many songs are composed based on the love story and the events in real life. Although the messages on those songs might be given by the ind ividual views, but they still have a great power. Especially, when young children listen to music constantly, they generally tend to react and think as lyrics in songs. As a result, they are aware of the problems in society very soon and grow up faster than their real old. Although the influence of music to young people with both negative and positive, but it is gradually becoming one of the determinants of behaviour and thinking of the younger generations. In conclusion, modern society has created a major mass media revolution with the help of the availability of all the new technologies available such as television, magazine, music, social media and the internet. This has given the mass media an enormous power in influencing the perceptions and lifestyles of the younger people. It could even be stated that the perceptions and lifestyles of the younger generations are mostly influenced by the information provided by the many forms of media, as they search based all decisions from the information provided on the internet. The internet is used for scientific information, entertainment and connecting friends. The ideas and views from the internet are usually derived from the masses, so they have both positive and negative, but young people are given the choice to see and believe what is of value to them. Therefore, they should choose the most appropriate approach in order to get the best value that the mass media are contributing to human . All things as above have proven the mass media shape opinions and positions of youth. References American Psychological Association 2014, ‘The impact of food advertising on childhood obesity’, American Psychological Association, viewed 13 November 2014, http://www.apa.org/topics/kids-media/food.aspx Coleman, R 2008, ‘The becoming of bodies’, Feminist Media Studies, vol.8, no.2, pp.163-179, viewed 12 November 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680770801980547 Dakin, P 2014, ‘Social media affecting teens concepts of friendship, intimacy’, CBC news, 24 February, viewed 18 November 2014, http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/social-media-affecting-teens-concepts-of-friendship-intimacy-1.2543158 Harrington, S 2013, ‘Hey you, its all about me’, The Sydney Morning Heralb, 20 September, viewed 12 November 2014, http://www.smh.com.au/comment/hey-you-its-all-about-me-20130920-2u5fe.html Holden, M 2014, ‘The Influence of Pop Music on Teens in the US’, Global post, viewed 26 November 2014, http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/influence-pop-music-teens-17843.html Media Smart 2014, ‘Televisions Impact on Kids’, Media Smart, viewed 13 November 2014, http://mediasmarts.ca/television/televisions-impact-kids Pediatrics 2006, ‘Children, Adolescents, and Advertising’, Pediatrics, vol.118, no.6, pp.2563-2569, 01 December, viewed 18 November 2014, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/118/6/2563.full Sameer, M 2011, ‘Impact Of Social Networking Sites On Youth’, Youth Ki Awaaz, 02 June, viewed 20 November 2014, http://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2011/06/social-networking-impact-youth/ Shah, A 2012, ‘Media and Advertising’, Global Issues, 04 March, viewed 15 November 2014, http://www.globalissues.org/article/160/media-and-advertising Vitelli, R 2013, ‘Television, Commercials, and Your Child’, Psychology Today, 22 July, viewed 17 November 2014, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/media-spotlight/201307/television-commercials-and-your-child Wikipedia 2014, ‘Effects of advertising on teen body image’, Wikipedia, 24 November, viewed 24 November 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_advertising_on_teen_body_image Wixom, R 2013, ‘The Influence of Music’, The Church of Jesus Christ of latter – day Saints, September, viewed 26 November 2014, https://www.lds.org/youth/article/the-influence-of-music?lang=eng

Home Education: Legal and Beneficial Essay -- essays research papers

ARGUMENT PAPER Home Education: Legal and Beneficial Formal Outline Thesis: As parents, we not only have the right to educate our own children, but it is also our responsibility. I. Introduction II. Legality of homeschooling 1. Amendments a. 1st b. 14th c. 9th 2. Cases heard in court 3. State regulations a. teacher certification b. public school equivalency c. compelling state interest d. least restrictive means III. Benefits 1. Emotional 2. Spiritual 3. Educational IV. SOCIALIZATION – the main opposing argument 1. Opportunities for in homeschooling 2. Negative in public (or private) schools 3. Results of testing conducted V. Not a new fad, back to the way we were 1. Notables who were homeschooled 2. History of current homeschool movement VI. Conclusion Home Education: Legal and Beneficial While the idea of schooling children at home is not new to our country, it is new to our generation. Most parents today, including myself, are a product of the school system and rarely explore all of the options for schooling our children. Due to a lack of knowledge, we place our children in a preschool, then a kindergarten, eight years of elementary, and four years of secondary school. Fourteen or fifteen years (preschool is now beginning at age three) of our children’s lives are being spent away from us, and we’re wondering why we’ve lost touch with them. Psychologists now say that it’s not just quality time that we need with our kids, but quality and quantity time. How are we to give them a large amount of our time when they are away from us the majority of their waking hours? Homeschooling is the solution to this dilemma. Because of the lack of knowledge about schooling options, parents have many questions about homeschooling. Some of the major questions include the following: Is it legal?; Can it provide the same breadth of education?; and, most frequently, What about socialization? The responses to these questions make it clear that we have not only the right, but also the responsibility to school our children at home. Forty years ago, homeschooling was illegal in some places, so it is reasonable to question the legality of the homeschool. â€Å"Early homeschooling parents were legally threatened, arrested, and often brought to trial as abettors of truancy, sometimes even as child abusers†(Koetzsch 134).... ...nments were formed, and therefore families are quite capable of managing their affairs, including education, without the help of the government† (Blumenfeld 9).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recently, an overwhelming lack of trust in public schools has arisen. Not only is the educational rigor disappearing, but there is now also a concern for the safety of our children. Studies have even shown that many high school graduates are not prepared for life after school. Some graduates have found a way to escape notice that they cannot even read, write adequately, or perform simple mathematical functions. A study by John Goodlad â€Å"sent note takers into a thousand classrooms, and they found that less than two percent of instructional time was spent on discussions requiring students to offer an opinion about something† (Guterson 42). A child whose intellect is not developed to the point of creating opinions and discussing them cannot fully participate in the adult world. The only way to make sure that our children do not fall through the cracks is to take them by hand and lead them one by one down the path of knowledge. School your children at home; it’s your right and responsibility.

The United States from 1865 to 1950 Essay example -- essays research p

The United States changed dramatically from 1865 to 1950. Many changes occurred in industrialization, foreign affairs, government, as well as in society and culture. The events that took place within this time period helped shape this country into what it is today. Industrial development began with the railroad, with the help of Republican governments, who provided subsidies, loans and tax exemptions to railroad corporations. Over 52,000 miles of railroad were laid all over the nation between 1854 and 1879. Railroads stimulated growth. They required many resources to build, such as coal, wood, glass, rubber, and brass. Most importantly, the railroad connected the country. Although small factories were already up and running three decades before the Civil War, it wasn’t until after the 1850’s that the industrial economy boomed. Larger factories that produced goods to sell nationally and internationally were being built. These factories transformed the United States from a farming nation into the most industrialized nation in the world. There were advantages and disadvantages to this new industrial order. One disadvantage is the damage that industrialization did to the environment. Forests were cut to make way for big factories which, in some cases, left rivers, such as those in the Northeast, toxic. Another disadvantage was the working conditions. Industrial workers were overworked and underpaid. In 1890, an unskilled worker took home $1.50 for a ten hour work day. Children were exploited, working 60 hour work weeks and taking home a third of what an adult male made. African Americans faced an even greater challenge at work, discrimination at the workplace. They were given menial jobs and paid less than wh... ... case, Plessy vs. Ferguson, made it to the Supreme Court. The court ruled that segregation was not discrimination as long as the accommodations for both races were â€Å"separate but equal.† In 1954, the case of Brown vs. the Board of Education overturned the Plessy case. In 1894, African-American males were given the right to vote, even before women. In 1917, women were picketing in front of the White House for a right to vote. Some women became militants and initiated violence for which they were thrown in jail. Women were granted the right to vote in the United States in 1920. The United States went through a lot between 1865 and 1950. It has seen many changes in industrialization, foreign policy, government, and society and culture. I believe that these events, along with many, many others, have shaped the United States into the great nation it is today.

Motion Analysis – Jump Shot

Motion Analysis: Basketball Jump Shot The main joints involved in a basketball jump shot include the hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow, and wrist. All of these joints flex and extend. The jump shot can be split into three parts: the set-up, the jump and release, and the post-release. The set-up involves a lot of flexion and extension of the hip, knee, ankle, and shoulder. Hip flexion occurs first and flexion of both knees until the thighs are parallel to the ground follows closely. Knee flexion occurs simultaneously with dorsi-flexion of both ankles to lessen the force of landing on the knees.The moment the subject’s feet are planted on the ground, flexion of both shoulders occurs until the tricep muscle is parallel to the ground. At this point, it is important to note that the elbow in the beginning of the set-up is already in flexion, forming a right angle between the forearm and upper arm. The wrist hyperextends so the ball is resting in the palm of the subject. In this cas e, the subject is right handed, so the ball rests primarily in the right palm while the left hand provides support. At this point, the subject is ready to jump.Four joint actions occur simultaneously at this time. Both knees, ankles, and the hip extend as the subject pushes off the ground, and the elbow flexes a little further back. When the subject is in the air, the dominant elbow extends and the ball starts to roll towards the tip of the fingers. When the elbow is almost entirely extended, the wrist begins to flex, which is when the release occurs and the ball leaves the palm of the hand towards the basket. After the release, the subject is drawn back to the ground.During this descent, the shoulders begin to extend back towards the anatomical position. This action continues through the landing. As the subject lands, the ankles begin to dorsi-flex. During the dorsi-flexion, the knees and hips flex slightly to absorb the force of landing. By the end of the landing, the hip and knee s are flexed, the shoulders are completely extended, and the feet are firmly planted on the ground. The hip joint flexes primarily due to the iliopsoas muscle. The knee is controlled by rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles. R. emoris is responsible for extension and B. femoris is responsible for flexion. The ankle dorsiflexes because of the gastrocnemius and plantar flexes due to anterior tibialis. Shoulder flexion occurs because of Pectoralis major and extension occurs because of Latissimus dorsi. Biceps brachii is responsible for elbow flexion and triceps brachii is responsible for elbow extension. Flexor carpi radialis and Flexor carpi ulnaris are responsible for wrist flexion and Extensor carpi radialis and Extensor carpi ulnaris are responsible for the extension of the wrist.

Analysis of the Raven by Edgar Allen Poe Essay

The nineteenth century poet Edgar Allen Poe makes use of several literary devices in order to create a gloomy atmosphere in his poem â€Å"The Raven†. Alliteration, rhyme, onomatopoeia, assonance, and repetition are used to contribute to the melodic nature of the work and provide an almost â€Å"visual† representation of his gothic setting. Poe is a master of using these writing techniques. â€Å"The Raven† is one of his most popular works. This is certainly due, in part to his use of these literary devices in this piece. The poem tells of a narrator who is reading an old book in his parlor when he is interrupted by a knock at the door. The protagonist is in a period of grieving over the loss of his love, Lenore. At first, he wonders who the visitor might be and resolves to inform him or her that he is indisposed at the moment. The narrator finally opens the door only to find no one there. He returns to the chair (which Lenore will no longer occupy), only to hear the rapping again. He decides that the sound may be coming from the window, so he opens it. A raven enters through the window and lights upon a bust of a mythological figure that the narrator has in his room. The narrator questions the raven concerning its name, the bird answers â€Å"nevermore†. This startles the speaker, and he wonders aloud if the bird will leave him just as all of his friends seem to do. Again, he is answered by the raven â€Å"nevermore†. As the protagonist progressively becomes more and more upset with the situation, he decides that the raven must go. He even demands that the raven leave. The response â€Å"nevermore† is once again given by the bird, which refuses to go. The narrator finally concludes that his soul is inextricably tied to this foul beast and he is to be forever tormented by it. The melodic nature of the poem and its very gloomy tone is reinforced by Poe’s choice of words and the sound effects that they convey. By the use of rhyme, the poem is made to flow much like a song when read aloud. For example, the second line and the last three lines of every stanza rhyme with each other. Many other internal rhymes are also found within the lines of the poem. In fact, the first line of the poem contains an internal rhyme â€Å"Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary†. Another example is found in Line 31 which reads â€Å"Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,† The poem is rife with such examples. Poe also uses repetition to accentuate the musical quality of â€Å"The Raven†. Obviously, the repeating of the word â€Å"nevermore† is used throughout the work not only to convey a sense of musicality, but to suggest the melancholy theme of this piece due to the connotations that the word expresses (lines 48, 54, 60, 72, etc.). Poe also uses repetition in other sections of the poem. In lines 16 and 17, we read â€Å"’Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door; – Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door;† In these lines, we get the impression that the speaker is trying to reassure himself that there is no sinister force at work, but simply a visitor at his door. Edgar Allen Poe was extremely talented at choosing words which not only support the fluidity of the work while also reinforcing the tone. Alliteration is another literary device which is used throughout â€Å"The Raven†. Alliteration is the repetition of beginning consonant sounds. â€Å"The Raven† is full of examples of alliteration. An instance of this device is seen in line 26, in which the â€Å"d† sound is repeated: â€Å"Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before;† While another example is found in line 45: â€Å"’Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou,’ I said, ‘art sure no craven,’† In the previous sample, the â€Å"th† sound, as well as the â€Å"sh† sound are used for effect. Poe craftily uses assonance throughout this piece, as well. Assonance is the repeating of a vowel sound in a line. Line 13 gives us an example of assonance as Poe couples the words â€Å"†¦purple curtain†. Immediately following this, he begins line 14 with the assonant words â€Å"Thrilled me-filled me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Again, we see such a choice of words in line 59: â€Å"†¦hopes have flown†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . However, line 71, gives us perhaps the best example of Poe’s use of assonance when he writes â€Å"†¦grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt†¦Ã¢â‚¬  when describing the bird. Edgar Allen Poe also employs onomatopoeia in â€Å"The Raven†. Onomatopoeia is a technique of using words which imitates the source of a sound which is described. An example is found when the â€Å"rapping† and â€Å"tapping† upon the speaker’s door and window is described (lines 3,4,5,21,22, and 32). Poe also offers onomatopoeia in line 37, when he uses the words â€Å"flirt and flutter† to describe the raven entering from the window. Another fine example is found in line 80 in which the writer mentions the â€Å"tinkle† of foot-falls on the floor. â€Å"The Raven† offers a fine example of how the use of sound effects and other literary devices can be used by writers to establish a tone that creates a â€Å"mood† within the reader. Poe’s mastery of these tools is quite impressive. He artfully gives an illustration to writers, readers, and students of how to make full use of these implements to create the precise air of dread that Poe desires to convey, while maintaining the beauty of a flowing, melodic poem.